The first
attempt to define, categorize and rank global cities using relational data was
made in 1998 by Jon Beaverstock, who
worked at the time at Loughborough University in the United Kingdom (Jonathan V. Bea Verstock is now working
in University of Nottingham). He started the ‘Global City’ phrase by the “Revisiting High-Waged Labor Market Demand in the Global
City: British
Professional and Managerial Workers in New York City” and continued that
by establishing the ‘Globalization
and World Cities Research Network’. The Globalization and World Cities Research Network, commonly
abbreviated to ‘GaWC’, is a think tank based in the Geography department at Loughborough University in England, that studies the
relationships between world cities in the context of globalization.
A roster of world cities was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5 for
the first time and ranked cities based on their connectivity through four
"advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising,
banking/finance, and law. (http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html)
·
Alpha++
cities are New York City and London, which are vastly more
integrated with the global economy than any other cities.
·
Alpha+
cities complement London and New York by filling advanced
service niches for the global economy.
·
Alpha
& Alpha- cities are cities that link major
economic regions into the world economy.
·
Beta level
cities are cities that link moderate economic regions into
the world economy.
·
Gamma
level cities are cities that link smaller
economic regions into the world economy.
·
Sufficiency
level cities are cities that have a
sufficient degree of services so as to not be obviously dependent on world
cities.
=====================================================================
For the
first time ‘Global City’ was imagined in ‘Metropolis’. ‘Metropolis’ is a 1927 German expressionist silent science-fiction film directed by Fritz Lang. The film was written by Lang and his wife Thea Von Harbou. Lang
who was known as a master of
German Expressionism divided the population into two distinct and
separate classes—the thinkers and the workers.
“In late 2026, in a dystopian society called Metropolis, wealthy industrialists rule from vast tower complexes,
oppressing the workers who live in the depths in the underground worker's city
complex beneath them and …..”
Worth
to see; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ebejt0Pja8c
Endnotes
o
"Glossary defining
homelessness". Homeless.org.au. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
o
What is Sprawl?. SprawlCity.org. Retrieved on
2008-02-07.
o
Benjamin Grant (June 17,
2003). Urban
gentrification is associated with movement "PBS Documentaries with a
point of view: What is Gentrification?". Public Broadcasting Service.
o
World coal
consumption 1980-2006 October 2008 EIA statisticsEIA,
World Energy Projections Plus (2009)
o
"U.S. Coal
Supply and Demand". Eia.doe.gov. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
o
Sharp, Michael D.
(2005). Popular Contemporary
Writers. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 0-7614-7601-6.
o
Powell, Vincent (2005). The Legal Companion. Robson.
p. 54. ISBN 1-86105-838-1.
o
Namu, Adilifu (2008). Black space: imagining race in science
fiction film. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71745-8.
o
Westfahl, Gary
(2005). The Greenwood
encyclopedia of science fiction and fantasy: themes, works, and wonders.
o
Metropolitan
area definition in the United States. Urban Geography
o
Regionalism’
in the USA: a critical overview
o
Spaces of Globalization: Reasserting the Power
of the Local. Guilford Press, New York.
o
Metropolis.
Settlement Transition in Asia. In University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.
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